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At a press conference on February 11, 2004 and at a LIVOTF
regional meeting on February 12th, Ms Laura Ahearn, a recognized expert
on the prevention of child abuse, and the Executive Director of Parents
for Megan's Law, presented the results of an investigation she conducted
on the role of Bishop Murphy in the Boston sex abuse scandals. Her report
is based on the examination of documents produced by the Archdiocese of
Boston as a consequence of litigations against it. Reports of the Massachusetts
Attorney General and some Newsday investigations are also cited. The February
12th presentation includes responses to replies of Bishop Murphy issued
on February 11th after the Ahearn press conference.
Ahearn Contentions and Bishop's Response
Note: the documentary proofs are listed in the Appendix
under the name of the subject clergyman. By and large, only a summary
of Ahearn's allegations are expressed here. To see her entire presentation,
including her response to Bishop Murphy's disclaimers, go to http://www.parentsformeganslaw.com.
A. Bishop's role in cover up
- Ahearn - In all the cases of which
he had notice, the Bishop never contacted the police.
- Bishop - Not denied by Bishop
Proofs - There is no evidence of notifications
to the police. The failure to notify the authorities is undisputed.
B. Bishop's general involvement in the handling
of abuse cases.
- Ahearn - Bishop William Murphy served
as second in command and had custody of all the abuse files (known as
the "Murphy files"). He supervised the delegate in charge of abuse cases
who often reported to the cardinal through Bishop Murphy, and was personally
involved in handling many of the cases. (See pp. 32 et seq. of Ahearn
presentation). See the cases below involving Father C. Melvin Surette,
Father Ronald Paquin, Rev. Dennis Andrew Keefe, Rev. James Power, Rev.
William J. Scanlan, Rev. Paul Mahan, Rev. Thomas J. Dempsey, Rev. Jay
Mullin, Father Redmond M. Raux , Rev. John K. Connell, Rev. George C.
Berthold, Father Barry Robinson.
- Bishop -Second I want to share with
you my reactions to the material she made available as I have it. You
can see from my attached memorandum that I have refuted every charge
and every misinterpretation of the "evidence" she has produced. …
… Let me repeat to you what I have said before: from 1993 on the Delegate
of the Archbishop, not the Vicar General, handled allegations of sexual
abuse in Boston. I became VG on October 1, 1993 and was effectively the
day to day administrator of all things save sexual abuse cases which were
handled directly between the Cardinal and the Delegate. At times, after
a situation had been handled and a decision been made, I was asked to
provide administrative help to accomplish what others had decided. Therefore
I did approve certain administrative acts such as legal fees for priests
from a separate loan account, trying to place priests in a supervised
residence and giving the final form to documents sent to Rome requesting
laicisations of two priests, both of whom were laicised by the Pope.
My assumption there, as yours here, always was that the cases were being
handled correctly and that those who had responsibility for them were
acting appropriately. I am still not convinced that the opposite is true.
Regarding files, Bishop Murphy Says: "But I did not have nor did I seek
any involvement with the cases stored there." "It was clear to me that
they were being handled directly by the Cardinal and the Delegate."
Proofs - As Ahearn alleges and the cases
below demonstrate, the Bishop's involvement is far more extensive than
his responses suggest. The cases below also establish that he has not
"refuted every charge". He said nothing about his involvement in two of
the most egregious cases (Scanlan and Raux). He has not been forthcoming
in his explanations.
*****
C. Did Actions By the Bishop Endanger Minors?
- Ahearn - "Rather Than Protect Our
Most Vulnerable, Many Put Children In Harm's Way… Including Bishop William
F. Murphy Who Now Supervises Over 200,000 Long Island Children In Schools
and Religious Education" (Ahearn, p12)
- Bishop - "I was never involved in
assigning priests with allegations of abuse against them to situations
where they could be a danger to minors" (Long Island Catholic, July
2,2003)
Proofs - Ahearn is correct and the evidence
contradicts the Bishop's denial. See the cases below. (Power, Scanlan,
Mahan, Mullin, Raux, Berthold)
D. Bishop's involvement with particular cases
Reverend C. Melvin Surette
- Ahearn - Murphy advocated for Surette,
an already accused child molester, to work in his office to assign other
child molesters to jobs where Murphy claimed they would not be a danger
or have contact with minors. But such work in hospitals, nursing and
retirement homes involves contact with visitors and candy stripers on
days, nights and weekends by someone wearing the clerical collar.
- Bishop - "Reverend C. Melvin Surette
had been placed on administrative leave and consistently asked to find
some work in non-pastoral ministry in the Archdiocese. I approved a
budget item that would have allowed him to work in the chancery under
the supervision of the Delegate of the Archbishop in an attempt to find
employment for those men who agreed to leave priestly life. That office
never materialized. Father Surette never performed the work and the
approval of that budget was an administrative act that had nothing to
do with his being in any kind of pastoral ministry."
Proofs -show that the office did materialize,
that Surette was assigned to help place another accused molester (Paquin)
in a limited ministry. The Bishop mischaracterized Surette work.
*****
Reverend Ronald Paquin
- Ahearn - Paquin, a serial child molester,
with 13 allegations against him … was taken off of sick leave to work
with the priest placement service [headed by Surette] to be placed in
a so-called restricted job. (Paquin)
- Bishop - "As the memorandum itself
indicates, my only contact with Reverend Ronald Paquin was to call him
in and to ask him to seek laicization. As I recall, there were two stormy
interviews in which he rejected everything I tried to say to him. My
one task was to try to convince him to seek laicization. While I tried,
I failed. The Globe article on which Ms. Ahearn relies confuses me with
the other Father Murphy."
Proofs - Ahearn allegations correct.
Bishop's response may be technically correct, but it diverts attention
from his responsibility for setting the process in motion and his role
as chief of staff.
*****
Reverend Thomas J. Dempsey
- Ahearn - Bishop Murphy "[c]onspired
with a Bishop in Wisconsin to make criminal charges against a retired
priest 'go away'". (Dempsey)
- Bishop - " I have no information
whatsoever about this man who was living in Wisconsin at the time. The
query given to me was a technical one. Would the diocese find some money
for his legal fees? Father Flatley misspeaks in his memorandum. The
Archdiocese did not provide legal fees for anyone. There was a separate
account, which was established by an anonymous donor that lent money
to priests who were unable to pay their legal fees. I informed Bishop
Burke that such money might be available if he qualified, but that was
a matter between lawyers. I had nothing to do with Father Dempsey. I
have never met him. I don't even know what the charges are against him
or where he is today."
Proofs - Bishop Murphy's involvement
extended beyond his claim. He conferred several times with Bishop Burke
regarding Dempsey, he approved efforts to help Dempsey, and he relayed
advice from Bishop Burke to Dempsey (via Brian Flately) on an approach
to settle claims against Dempsey. The Bishop's response is not correct.
*****
Reverend James Power
- Ahearn - Personally assigned an accused
child molester back into a parish ministry (Power)
- Bishop - "Power was not in any pastoral
ministry but in residence with a priest who was his monitor and supervisor.
That priest was transferred and, as the memo in question indicates,
asked that Father Power be given power of attorney for a brief period
- a week or two - until the new pastor arrived. This was solely to be
able to sign checks and be able to pay the parish staff, nothing further
and certainly nothing of pastoral ministry. My words "let him serve"
indicate I approved he could write checks for that brief period, not
that he could serve in any pastoral way. And he did not. During this
week he was not given permission to act within the context of any pastoral
ministry. He was merely given permission to sign checks so that the
parish staff could be paid."
Proofs - The Ahearn interpretation
is most consistent with the documents. They show Bishop Murphy replying
to a question "is the lack of immediate supervision a cause of concern?"
with the unconditional reply "let him serve". The Bishop's explanation that
he meant to give him only the power to "sign checks" is unsupported by any
evidence and lacks credibility
*****
Reverend Dennis Andrew Keefe
- Ahearn - Bishop misleads parishioners
about why an accused molester (Keefe) is removed from a parish. Disagrees
with a therapist's findings of a priest's (Keefe's) danger and re-orders
an interview with the victim in an attempt to challenge the victim's
credibility and get the accused priest back in ministry.
- Bishop - "Ms. Ahearn confuses me
with Father William Murphy. There is a letter from me in which I ask
that there be greater clarification of the charges because I was asked
to review them when some of his former parishioners wrote to me. I clearly
indicated that we needed more evidence in order to conclude the case.
Father Keefe was outside of ministry at that time, remained outside
of ministry, and was never returned to ministry".
Proofs - The documents portray an accusation
by the alleged victim and a denial by Keefe. Given the uncertainty at
the time about Keefe's guilt, we cannot say the explanation given to the
parishioners was inappropriate. However, although Keefe refused counseling,
and the accuser stuck to his story, the Bishop continued to intervene
as described above by Ahearn. Her allegation is substantially correct.
*****
Reverend William J. Scanlan
- Ahearn - Bishop Murphy "Misleads
the government by signing a US Government Document stating that he had
no adverse information about a priest's behavior or conduct when there
were notes in the priest's file referring to over involvement with boys."
(Scanlan)
- Bishop - No response by Bishop
Proofs - support Ahearn. The allegations
are supported by documentary evidence.
*****
Reverend Paul Mahan
- Ahearn - "Left an accused child molester
released into the care of the diocese unsupervised for a summer and
two boys were sexually abused. (Mahan)"
- Bishop -"I had nothing to do with
him until after he was removed from ministry. All the material that
has been presented predates my being the Vicar General."
Proofs - The Bishop is in error on both
counts. Mahan was not removed until 1998. Before that removal, and during
the Bishop's reign as Vicar General, the Bishop was involved. A memo describing
abuse charges against Mahan was cc'd to the Bishop on April 25, 1994 when
the Bishop was the Vicar General. In the summer of 1994 Mahan was left
in an unsupervised position by the "archdiocese" where he was seen in
compromising situations with boys. (Attorney General Report) Again in
1995, Father Flately reported directly to the Bishop that Mahan was "a
danger to men, women and children". This evidence contradicts the Bishop's
denial. As for the Ahearn allegation, the Bishop as second in command
and clearly in the Mahan loop, is properly chargeable with leaving Mahan
unsupervised.
*****
Reverend Barry Robinson
- Ahearn - With an open investigation
by the DA and DSS an admitted child molester under Murphy's watch is
sent out of the country to Canada for treatment and back to Australia.
Notes in the file refer to the "risk the priest faced by staying in
the US. The diocese was uncooperative with the investigation. (Robinson)
- Bishop - "I have no knowledge of
and had no involvement whatsoever in this case. Clearly, a bill arrived
in my office as Vicar General and I passed that along to Reverend John
McCormack, not knowing myself any of the details thereof."
Proofs - Ahearn is correct that the episodes
occurred "under Murphy's watch". Circumstantial evidence based on the
Bishop's position, his custody of the files and the fact that the Doctor's
bill was received by him, raises doubts but not sufficiently to controvert
his denial
*****
Reverend Jay Mullin
- Ahearn - Bishop Murphy tells an accused
priest (Mullin) he would never be placed in parish ministry but when
advised that Mullin is taken off of sick leave and placed in a parish
ministry as Parochial Vicar at St. Ann in Wayland Massachusetts, Murphy
fails to object.
- Bishop - "There was a memorandum
from me regarding Father Mullin in which I reported to the file that
I had interviewed him in order to attempt to have him placed in a supervised
residence which I had opened as a way of separating all of the priests
who had been handled by the delegate and who had had credible accusations
into a separate residence under the direction of therapists and psychiatrists
of the Massachusetts General Hospital. I had nothing to do with any
subsequent appointment of Father Mullin to any kind of position"
Proofs - The Ahearn allegation is correct
and the Bishop's response grossly underestimates his involvement in the
case. A number of other documents, not mentioned by the Bishop, put him
in the Mullin loop.
*****
Reverend Redmond M. Raux
- Ahearn - Ignoring the delegate's
concerns, Murphy successfully advocates for an accused priest to be
taken off of the unassigned status and placed in a hospital ministry.
(Note. From other sections of her report, it is evident that Ahearn
is here referring to Redmond Raux)
- Bishop - No response from Bishop.
Proofs - Evidence supports Ahearn allegations
*****
Reverend John K. Connell
- Ahearn - Murphy successfully advocates
for an accused priest to be placed in an active ministry and the decision
is based upon the notion that alcohol played a role in the sexual abuse
and the priest is now sober. (Connell)
- Bishop - -"He (Connell) asked to
counsel alcoholic priests after 12 years of sobriety. This was a restricted
activity that put him in no contact with any children but only with
priests who were seeking to recover from alcoholism."
Proofs - The statements of both parties
are correct. The active ministry referred to by Ahearn is the Priest Recovery
program mentioned by the Bishop. The relevant chain of correspondence
shows Bishop Murphy was significantly involved in this case.
*****
Reverend James Wilson
- Ahearn - Bishop Murphy advocates
for a job at the United Nations for a priest accused of emotionally,
physically and sexually abusing a boy. The boy claims the priest also
nearly strangled him and threw him from a moving car, told him he was
possessed by Satan, would speak in an un-understandable tone and would
blow on and pray on him. (Wilson)
- Bishop - "I had nothing to do with
him until after he was removed from ministry."
Proofs - Both statements appear to be
true
*****
Reverend George C. Berthold
- Ahearn - Against the recommendation
of an accused priest's therapist, Murphy helped place the priest in
a ministry out of the country -Ukraine. (Berthold)
- Bishop - -"The memorandum which Ms.
Ahearn brings forth is by the other Father Murphy."
Proofs - Bishop Murphy's response is
dissembling. While the other Murphy wrote the questioned memorandum, it
was addressed to Bishop Murphy. The other documents are probative. By
facilitating a transfer to the Ukraine, Bishop Murphy set an abuser free
to prey anew.
*****
Reverend John C. Chaisson
- Ahearn - Chaisson has two allegations
of sexual abuse against him. He admits to sodomizing an altar boy in
1973 to a Danvers Police Chief in 1974. Again in 1993 Chaisson admits
to sexual acts against the boy. Decisions about his placement are made
during Bishop Murphy's tenure. He continued to serve as a Vicar in a
parish in the Archdiocese until the scandal broke in Boston. He was
placed on administrative leave in August of 2003. The Chaisson case
occurred "On Murphy's watch"
- Bishop - -"Prior to my tenure. I
never saw the material because it was not under my purview as Vicar
General."
Proofs - Cannot dispute Murphy's denial
of seeing material. But Ahearn correct that incident occurred during Murphy
tenure.
*****
Reverend Thomas Forry
- Ahearn - [Forry] Was accused of beating
up and throwing the rectory housekeeper down the stairs in 1979. A 17-yr-old
female accused him of forced sex and they questioned her credibility.
The mother of a boy who Forry allegedly had an affair with claimed that
Forry beat and sexually abused her son beginning at age 10. He claims
that Forry would put ice cubes down his pants and retrieve them. This
case occurred "On Murphy's watch"
- Bishop - "I had no knowledge of his
situation. This was handled before I was Vicar General."
Proofs - Cannot dispute Murphy's denial
of knowledge. But Ahearn correct that incident occurred during Murphy
tenure.
*****
Reverend Martin Walsh
- Ahearn - Fulfilling a promise
to a friend who died of lung cancer, an allegation of sexual abuse
was reported to the diocese in 1997. The victim had claimed Walsh
abused him when he was 14-years-old, on two separate occasions,
while at sleepovers. His excessive drinking was noted in the file
as far back as 1988 and he pleaded guilty to driving while intoxicated
in 1991. Incident was reported "On Murphy's watch"
- Bishop - "the only reference
to a "Murphy" is the other Father Murphy. I know nothing about it."
Proofs - Cannot dispute
Murphy's denial of knowledge. But Ahearn correct that incident occurred
during Murphy tenure
Other Corroboration
As the following excerpts show, much of
the Ahearn charges are corroborated by the Massachusetts AG and Newsday
reports.
Newsday Reports
Newsday, December 15, 2002
Newsday reporters examined about 100 confidential
priest personnel files and other documents - totaling more than 40,000
pages located at a Massachusetts court. Judge Constance M. Sweeney had
ordered them produced.
Here are some relevant excerpts:
-
In the documents on file at Suffolk County, Mass.,
Superior Court, examined by Newsday, there are several dozen letters,
memos and other documents that draw an initial outline of how
Murphy handled his supervisory role. These cases show that Murphy
was aware of or allowed the reassignment of at least three Boston
priests who had credible abuse complaints against them as well
as a fourth who admitted to downloading child pornography.
- Overall, the public records show that Murphy,
as Cardinal Bernard Law's top deputy in Boston for almost eight
years, was involved in almost one-third of the priest sexual abuse
cases at the heart of the scandal there. Not only did Murphy supervise
the assignment of priests, he was privy to all confidential records
on accusers' complaints, treatment and settlements. He also took
care of accused priests' legal bills and helped arrange housing
and jobs for them.
- The internal memos show that Murphy's participation
went from reassigning suspected priests to other Boston parishes
and arranging for priests to be transferred to dioceses in New Mexico,
California, North Carolina and other states without fully revealing
the clerics' history of abuse.
- Boston lawyers familiar with the mountains of
documents and the pattern of the alleged cover-up say that while
Murphy's name appears far less than his fellow bishops in letters
and memos about the supervision of abusive priests, he still played
a significant role in allowing some of them to return to ministry.
- Law himself said in an October deposition that
he did not independently make decisions on whether to retain priests
accused of sexual abuse, or to transfer them to new parishes, but
relied on the advice and "general intelligence" of his auxiliary
bishops and Moderator of the Curia. Murphy became Moderator of the
Curia in 1993, and was named an auxiliary bishop in 1995, and held
both positions until he left Boston last year.
Newsday, February 9, 2003
- In follow up reports, Newsday investigators detailed
Bishop Murphy's favorable treatment of accused molester Rev. C.
Melvin Surette and others including Paul Shanley and the Rev. Paul
Mahan.
- Murphy had a hand in dealing with some of the
most notorious cases - those of serial pedophile priests John Geoghan
and Paul Shanley - and other less-known cases, such as that of Rev.
Thomas Forry, an alcoholic priest and accused child molester who
allegedly threw a rectory housekeeper down the stairs.
- In Boston, Murphy's official title was Vicar general
and Moderator of the Curia; in essence, he was the chief of staff
to Law from 1993 until Murphy arrived on Long Island in 2001. Murphy
had more scheduled meetings with Law than anyone else in the church
hierarchy, Law's calendars from 1993 to 2001 show.
- Copies of all documents about priests accused
of child molestation went to Murphy, who filed the records in his
office - these were known as "the Murphy files" - according to the
deposition of a Murphy aide, the Rev. Brian Flatley.
- … The documents also show that during the
almost eight years Bishop Murphy was the deputy in Boston, much
of the information Law received on abusive priests was channeled
through him.
Newsday, February 9, 2003
This report described the Bishop's involvement
with several priests accused of molesting children:
- James Power- In 1992, Power had been accused of
sexually molesting a 13-year- old boy at night, inside the priest's
van, on a camping trip in Maine in the 1980s, church records show.
Power denied the accusation. The archdiocese paid the accuser a
$35,000 settlement in June 1996 in exchange for his agreement to
keep silent.
- When it seemed [that Power] …would be left on
his own as the only priest in a suburban Massachusetts parish, an
aide to Bishop Murphy asked his superior in a June 16, 1997, memo
whether it was wise to leave the priest unsupervised. ***
- "Fr. Power had been investigated by this
office for sexual misconduct," the aide wrote to Murphy. "The question
arises: Is the lack of immediate supervision a cause for concern?
Personally, I don't think so. What do you think?"
- In a handwritten notation, Murphy wrote: "Let
him serve."
- Dennis Keefe - quoting from various diocesan files,
the Newsday reporters detail Bishop Murphy's continued and persistent
efforts to shelter Keefe, ultimately removed from ministry, from
charges of molestation.
Report of the Attorney General
of Massachusetts
On July 23, 2003, Thomas F. Reilly, the
Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts issued a Report
entitled The Sexual Abuse of Children in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese
of Boston.
Some excerpts from the Report follow:
- Bishop William Murphy In 1993, Cardinal Law selected
Bishop William Murphy to succeed Bishop Hughes as Vicar for Administration,
a position he held unti1 2001. In 2001, Bishop Murphy became the
Bishop of Rockville Centre on Long Island, New York.
- Although Cardinal Law delegated responsibility
for handling clergy sexual abuse matters, his senior managers kept
the Cardinal apprised of such matters either directly or through
the Vicar of Administration, who supervised the Secretary of Ministerial
Personnel and the Delegate (p.37).
- Cardinal Law by no means bears sole responsibility
for the harm done to children in the Archdiocese. With rare exception,
none of the Cardinal's senior managers advised him to take any of
the steps that might have ended the systemic abuse of children.
Rather, they generally preserved the key elements of the culture
within the Archdiocese that sustained this crisis.(ibid)
- As second-in-command to Cardinal Law, Bishop Murphy
was the Cardinal's chief adviser and was involved in managing daily
operations at the Chancery and throughout the Archdiocese. He met
with the Cardinal daily and advised him on matters across the spectrum
of archdiocesan operations, including issues involving clergy sexual
abuse of children. Bishop McCormack, the newly appointed Delegate,
sometimes discussed clergy sexual abuse matters directly with the
Cardinal, and on other occasions conveyed information to the Cardinal
through Bishop Murphy.(p.38)
-
During his eight-year tenure as second-in-command,
Bishop Murphy supervised the response to many sexual abuse cases.
These included, among others, cases involving Fathers John Geoghan,
Paul Mahan, Bernie Lane, Melvin Surrette, and George Berthold.
He also participated in arranging for Father Surrette, already
having been accused himself of sexually abusing children, to be
Assistant Delegate responsible for arranging suitable job placements
for priests found to have engaged in sexual abuse of children.(p.38)
- During Bishop Murphy's tenure as Vicar for Administration,
the Archdiocese took some positive steps in handling child sexual
abuse cases, such as operating for one year a supervised residence
for abusive priests. Nonetheless, with only one exception, Bishop
Murphy did not report to law enforcement any of the numerous allegations
of clergy sexual abuse he reviewed nor did he ever advise the Cardinal
to do so.
- And, even with undeniable information available
to him on the risk of recidivism, Bishop Murphy continued to place
a higher priority on preventing scandal and providing support to
alleged abusers than on protecting children from sexual abuse. The
problem was compounded because Bishop Murphy failed to recognize
clergy sexual abuse of children as conduct deserving investigation
and prosecution by public authorities. Instead, he viewed such crimes
committed by priests as conduct deserving an internal pastoral response.(p.39)
- The Archdiocese seemingly failed to understand
that pedophile and ephebophile priests are highly motivated to seek
out children, and that assigning them to ministries with reduced
exposure to children would not prevent them from seeking contact
with children outside of their ministerial assignments. Father Flatley
recognized the difficulty in preventing access by these priests
to children in these unsupervised residential settings, and he discussed
the need to establish supervised residences in the annual reports
prepared during his tenure. (p. 77)
- In the late l990's, the Archdiocese established
a supervised group home in Georgetown, Massachusetts, for priests
who had sexually abused children, and it attempted to assign a number
of its most dangerous and high-risk priests to the home. While several
accepted the assignment, others refused and the Archdiocese was
largely ineffectual in its efforts to compel them to move into the
home. After only one year, the supervised group home was closed,
both because of a lack of funding and a lack of cooperation on the
part of abusive priests. (p.77)
- While the Archdiocese took some steps in the l990's
to protect children, … it again fell short of committing to protecting
children from abusive priests. For example, the Archdiocese could
have reported abuse allegations to public authorities and relied
on those authorities to determine how best to protect children from
abusive priests. Instead, the Archdiocese chose to deal with the
supervision of abusive priests as internal, administrative matters.
(p. 77)
- The likelihood that "restricted" ministries would
protect children from abuse depended greatly on the abusive priest
voluntarily refraining from abusive behavior. With no meaningful
degree of supervision, the degree of trust placed in priests with
histories of sexually abusing children and the self-policing nature
of these assignments failed to recognize the recidivism rates of
pedophiles and ephebophiles. In short, children remained at risk
even after the Archdiocese identified abusive priests and brought
them under the supervision of the Delegate.(p. 78)
Note 1: The Attorney General's investigation
of the sexual abuse of children in the Archdiocese involved eleven Assistant
Attorneys General, ten State Police Officers, a civilian criminal investigator,
five civil investigators, two paralegals, and support staff. The investigative
team reviewed personnel files of at least 102 priests alleged to have
sexually abused children, including all priests alleged to have abused
during Cardinal Bernard Law's tenure as Archbishop. In all, criminal
and civil investigators indexed and reviewed more than 30,000 pages
of documents obtained from the Archdiocese, and conducted numerous interviews
of present and former Archdiocese priests and senior managers, various
experts and academics, and victims of sexual abuse by priests.
Note 2. The report contains detailed findings
respecting some of the priests referred to in the analysis.
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